HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

Evolution of Educational Technology

 

Education during the Ancient Times

·         Educational Technology started during the ancient civilization when man started to use pointed sticks to in script signs and symbols on the leaves and knives on bark of trees.

·         When the Egyptians devised a system of picture writing known as hieroglyphics.

·         In ancient Greece, the Spartan education emphasized the development of the physical body coupled with discipline.

·         Boys underwent exercises and activities that promoted bodily strengths such as dancing, wrestling, swimming, gymnastic, etc.

·         Girls stayed by their mothers who taught them the rudiments of housekeeping and motherhood.

·         In Athens, they believed that mind and body has strong relationship, thus activities to develop both were the concerns in the music schools, grammar schools and public gymnasium.  Instructional materials were designed and implemented during this period.

 

Education during the Medieval Era

·         Emperor Frederick 1 of Bologna in 1158 chartered the first university.

·         Students are required to write their theses and defend them in public before the deans, faculty and rectors.

·         The curriculum of the Arabs among the moors of Spain was the most organized and complete in the elementary, secondary and collegiate.

 

Education during the Renaissance Period

·         The intellectual development  such as Humanism, Reformation, Realism, Disciplinism and Rationalism contributed to the development of educational technology along with theories and practices.

·         Bacon advanced his ideas about education

·         Locke came out with his idea about the nature of child’s mind at birth in Tabula Rasa.

·         Johann Amos Comenius was recognized for developing the first picture book – the Orbis Pictus (The World in Pictures). He was considered the pioneer in instructional technology development.

·         Maria Montessori contributed her ideas about teaching, the use of multi-sensory materials.

 

Education during the Age of Naturalism

·         Jean Jacques Rousseau on his naturalistic view of education contained in his book Emile.

·         Herbart also came out with his five formal steps to teaching known as Herbartian Method of Teaching

·         Preparation, presentation, comparison and abstraction, generalization and application.

·         Peztallozi came out with his idea that teaching is more effective if it proceeds from concrete to abstract.

·         Froebel, the father of kindergarten emphasized the used of actual objects, which can be manipulated by the learners. He recommended the use of play and songs.

 

Educational Movements in the 19^th Century

·         John Dewey formulated the scientific theory of learning.

·         Edward Lee Thorndike advanced the three primary laws of learning.

·         This era paved way to the development of educational technology, including books, blackboards and equipment.

·         Photography was invented giving way to visual instruction.

·         Publication of audio-visual media texts in 1929.

·         Educational films were used as instructional media in 1926.

·         First instructional TV program was aired in 1932 at the State University of Iowa.

·         At the same time, the 16mm sound motion picture was developed.

 

Education in Contemporary Times

·         Most schools have already adopted the computerization of school’s practices.

·         Multimedia resources and computers are common fixtures in all classrooms.

·         School’s curricula have revised and enriched their curricular offerings to include computer applications.

·         Trainings and retooling of teachers with regard to the use of CAI.